SOURCE EXTRACT: PART 2 of "A Peace to End all Peace" by Fromkin

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I can't recommend David Fromkin enough. When studying the latter days of the Sublime Porte you get a sense of just what the Empire was up against. The diplomatic field had turned decadently against the Ottomans, as opposed to their delicate position within the 'balance of power' they so carefully walked fifty years before, and the dawn of WW1 was the end. 

From the chapter entitled "Kitchener Takes Command" page 83

"It was pure accident that the military hero brought into the government to preside over then war effort should have been one who regarded himself, and was regarded by others, as having the East for his special province. From that accident came the distinctive outlines of the policy that emerged. 

(Kitchener of Khartoum) 

Most recently, Kitchener had governed Egypt, a country officially still part of the Ottoman Empire, but which had in effect been and independent country until the British had occupied it in 1882, with the stated aim of restoring order and then leaving. Instead of leaving, the British stayed on. As of 1914, Egypt was a relatively recent addition to the British sphere of influence, and British officers who served there with Kitchener had begun to develop a distinctive outlook on events. Stationed as they were in an Arabic-speaking country, they had come to regard themselves, mistakenly, as experts on Arab affairs, and were all the more frustrated to be excluded from foreign policy making by the Foreign Office and by the Government of India-the two bodies that traditionally dealt with the Arabic-speaking portions of the Ottoman Empire. Neither Kitchener nor his aides demonstrated any real awareness of the great differences between the many communities in the Middle East. Arabians and Egyptians, for example, though both Arabic speaking, were otherwise different-in population mix, history, culture, outlook, and circumstances. Even had they been the experts on Egypt which they believed themselves to be, that would not necessarily have made Kitchener's aides the experts on Arabia they claimed to be.

(Ottoman Egypt was a vast territory. With sub-provinces extending across the entire empire)

In the Sudan campaign, undertaken in the face of misgivings within both the Foreign Office and Lord Cromer's Egyptian administration, Kitchener had greatly expanded the area of Britain's control of the Arabic-speaking world. It may have been during the Sudan campaign that Kitchener first began to dream of carving out a great new imperial domain for Britain in the Middle East, in which he would serve as her viceroy."

Imperial dreams died hard as would Kitchener eventually.  

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